{"id":2983,"date":"2026-04-16T17:10:32","date_gmt":"2026-04-16T09:10:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.handaspring.com\/?p=2983"},"modified":"2026-04-16T17:10:51","modified_gmt":"2026-04-16T09:10:51","slug":"helical-spring-design-guide-formulas-calculations-best-practices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.handaspring.com\/ru\/helical-spring-design.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d: \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0423\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.handaspring.com\/helical-spring-energized-seals\/\" title=\"\">\u0421\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/a> \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 - \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/www.handaspring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/6592ebb93320ac65da02606b0a7533b7.png\" alt=\"\u0421\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b\" class=\"wp-image-902\" style=\"aspect-ratio:4\/3;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.handaspring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/6592ebb93320ac65da02606b0a7533b7.png 750w, https:\/\/www.handaspring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/6592ebb93320ac65da02606b0a7533b7-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.handaspring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/6592ebb93320ac65da02606b0a7533b7-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0411\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0432\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u0411\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b, \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>d<\/td><td>\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>D<\/td><td>\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 (D = OD - d = ID + d)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440<\/td><td>OD<\/td><td>D + d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440<\/td><td>ID<\/td><td>D - d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>L\u2080<\/td><td>\u0414\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430<\/td><td>L\u209b<\/td><td>\u0414\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043a<\/td><td>N\u2090<\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438, \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043a<\/td><td>N\u209c<\/td><td>\u0410\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pitch<\/td><td>p<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 (p = L\u2080 \/ N\u209c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441<\/td><td>C<\/td><td>C = D \/ d (\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 4 \u0434\u043e 12 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c) \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0424\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>k = (G \u00d7 d\u2074) \/ (8 \u00d7 D\u00b3 \u00d7 N\u2090)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0413\u0434\u0435:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>k = \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u041d\/\u043c\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0442\/\u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G = \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 (\u041c\u041f\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 psi)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d = \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 (\u043c\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D = \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 (\u043c\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u2090 = \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">G (\u041c\u041f\u0430)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">G (psi)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434<\/td><td>79,000<\/td><td>11.5 \u00d7 10\u2076<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c (302\/304)<\/td><td>69,000<\/td><td>10.0 \u00d7 10\u2076<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>17-7PH<\/td><td>75,000<\/td><td>10.9 \u00d7 10\u2076<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0418\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c X-750<\/td><td>76,000<\/td><td>11.0 \u00d7 10\u2076<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0434\u044c<\/td><td>48,000<\/td><td>7.0 \u00d7 10\u2076<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431) \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>k_t = (E \u00d7 d\u2074) \/ (10,8 \u00d7 D \u00d7 N\u2090)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0413\u0434\u0435:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>k_t = \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 (\u041d-\u043c\u043c\/\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0441 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0442-\u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c\/\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0441)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E = \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u042e\u043d\u0433\u0430 (\u041c\u041f\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 psi)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f\/\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03c4 = (8 \u00d7 P \u00d7 D \u00d7 K) \/ (\u03c0 \u00d7 d\u00b3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0413\u0434\u0435:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>P = \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 (\u041d)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K = \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0423\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430 (\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0423\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K = (4C - 1) \/ (4C - 4) + 0,615 \/ C<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 C \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 4 \u0434\u043e 12, K \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442 1,2 \u0434\u043e 1,4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430\u043c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 %<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u041a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 (\u043d\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b)<\/td><td>45-50%<\/td><td>2.0 - 2.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b, &gt;10\u2076 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0432)<\/td><td>30-35%<\/td><td>2.8 - 3.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0423\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>25-30%<\/td><td>3.3 - 4.0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0430 (\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03c3 = (32 \u00d7 M) \/ (\u03c0 \u00d7 d\u00b3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 M - \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 (\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03b4 = P \/ k<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 10-15% \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>L\u209b = d \u00d7 N\u209c<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 N\u209c = \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043a (\u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u044b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03b4_max = (\u03c0 \u00d7 d\u00b2 \u00d7 \u03c4_max \u00d7 D \u00d7 N\u2090) \/ (4 \u00d7 P)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0418\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431 \u0434\u043e 75-80% \u043e\u0442 (L\u2080 - L\u209b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0414\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f (\u0432\u044b\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443), \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0432 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0430. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>L\u2080 \/ D &lt; 4<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432<br><strong>L\u2080 \/ D &lt; 2,5<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \u041b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u041e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440, \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 (ASTM A228)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430, \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>302\/304 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c 316<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 (&gt;250\u00b0C)<\/td><td>\u0418\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c X-750, 17-7PH<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437 (H\u2082S), \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/td><td>\u042d\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439, MP35N<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0434\u044c<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S_ut \u2248 2000 \u00d7 d^(-0.16)<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u041c\u041f\u0430, d \u0432 \u043c\u043c)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u0412\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u0420\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b<\/td><td>\u0423\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u044b<\/td><td>\u0421\u043f\u043b\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0448\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td><td>\u041b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u0448\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0438<\/td><td>\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041d\u0430\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u044b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u044e\u0447\u043a\u0438<\/strong>\u00a0- \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438<\/strong>\u00a0- \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0423\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u044e\u0447\u043a\u0438<\/strong>\u00a0- \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044f\u043c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044c\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438<\/strong>\u00a0- \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0428\u0430\u0433 \u0437\u0430 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0443:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong>: \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435 50 \u041d \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435 15 \u043c\u043c. \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 12 \u043c\u043c. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 100\u00b0C, 50 000 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b - \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 1 - \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b<\/strong>: \u041d\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c 302 (G = 69 000 \u041c\u041f\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f 100\u00b0C).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 2 - \u0412\u044b\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/strong>: C = 6 (\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 3 - \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438<\/strong>: \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e OD = 12 \u043c\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 D = OD - d. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 C = D\/d = 6 \u2192 D = 6d. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 OD = 6d + d = 7d = 12 \u043c\u043c \u2192 d = 1,71 \u043c\u043c. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 d = 1,7 \u043c\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 4 - \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440<\/strong>: D = 6 \u00d7 1,7 = 10,2 \u043c\u043c. OD = 10,2 + 1,7 = 11,9 \u043c\u043c (&lt;12 \u043c\u043c OK).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 5 - \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/strong>: k = P \/ \u03b4 = 50 \u041d \/ 15 \u043c\u043c = 3,33 \u041d\/\u043c\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 6 - \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043a N\u2090<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">k = (G \u00d7 d\u2074) \/ (8 \u00d7 D\u00b3 \u00d7 N\u2090) \u2192 N\u2090 = (G \u00d7 d\u2074) \/ (8 \u00d7 D\u00b3 \u00d7 k)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">d\u2074 = 1,7\u2074 = 8,35 \u043c\u043c\u2074<br>D\u00b3 = 10,2\u00b3 = 1061 \u043c\u043c\u00b3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u2090 = (69 000 \u00d7 8,35) \/ (8 \u00d7 1061 \u00d7 3,33) = (576 150) \/ (28 277) \u2248 20,4 \u2192 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c N\u2090 = 20<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 7 - \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430<\/strong>: \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b (2 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438). N\u209c = 20 + 2 = 22. \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430 L\u209b = N\u209c \u00d7 d = 22 \u00d7 1,7 = 37,4 \u043c\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 8 - \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/strong>: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435 = 15 \u043c\u043c. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b, L\u2080 &gt; L\u209b + \u03b4 = 37,4 + 15 = 52,4 \u043c\u043c. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 L\u2080 = 55 \u043c\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 9 - \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong>: \u041a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0423\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430 K = (4\u00d76-1)\/(4\u00d76-4) + 0,615\/6 = (23\/20) + 0,1025 = 1,15 + 0,1025 = 1,2525.<br>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u03c4 = (8 \u00d7 P \u00d7 D \u00d7 K) \/ (\u03c0 \u00d7 d\u00b3) = (8 \u00d7 50 \u00d7 10,2 \u00d7 1,2525) \/ (\u03c0 \u00d7 1,7\u00b3) = (5100) \/ (\u03c0 \u00d7 4,913) = 5100 \/ 15,44 \u2248 330 \u041c\u041f\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0414\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f 302 SS \u043f\u0440\u0438 100\u00b0C, \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435: ~0,35 \u00d7 800 \u041c\u041f\u0430 = 280 \u041c\u041f\u0430. 330 \u041c\u041f\u0430 - \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e 1,8 \u043c\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e<\/strong>: d=1,8, C=6 \u2192 D=10,8, OD=12,6 (\u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 12 \u043c\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e). \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 N\u2090, k, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e ~280 \u041c\u041f\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. \u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 4 \u0434\u043e 12<\/td><td>\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u044b<\/td><td>\u041b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 10-15% \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0423\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0414\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 20-30%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0418\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430<\/strong>\u00a0- C  12 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044e.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0443<\/strong>\u00a0- \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435<\/strong>\u00a0- \u041f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/strong>\u00a0- \u041d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0418\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/strong>\u00a0- \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u041d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441<\/strong>\u00a0- \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.handaspring.com\/helical-spring-energized-seals\/\" title=\"\">\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/a> \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c, \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0432\u044b \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435: \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0412\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b? \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.handaspring.com\/contact\/\" title=\"\">CONTACT US<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0423\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b, 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[...].<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"benner":[],"class_list":["post-2983","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Master helical spring design with essential formulas, calculations, and best practices. 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